Theory — Relative Clauses: 2 loại quan trọng
Relative clause (mệnh đề quan hệ) = mệnh đề mô tả thêm thông tin về danh từ đứng trước. Bắt đầu bằng who / which / that / whose / where / when / why.
Relative clauses = cách dễ nhất biến câu đơn thành câu phức → ăn điểm Grammatical Range.
Loại 1 — DEFINING (không có dấu phẩy)
Cung cấp thông tin CẦN THIẾT để hiểu danh từ đó là ai / cái nào. Không có nó → câu vô nghĩa.
Cấu trúc: [danh từ] + [who/which/that + verb + …] + [phần còn lại]
Ví dụ:
“Countries that invest in early childhood education tend to see higher long-term economic returns.”
Bỏ mệnh đề “that invest in early childhood education” → “Countries tend to see higher…” → quá chung chung, mất ý.
Không có dấu phẩy vì thông tin bắt buộc.
Loại 2 — NON-DEFINING (có dấu phẩy)
Cung cấp thông tin BỔ SUNG, có thể bỏ mà câu vẫn hiểu được.
Cấu trúc: [danh từ], + [which/who + verb + …], + [phần còn lại]
Ví dụ:
“China, which has the largest population in the world, faces unique demographic challenges.”
Bỏ mệnh đề “, which has the largest population in the world,” → “China faces unique demographic challenges.” → vẫn hiểu được.
Có dấu phẩy vì thông tin phụ.
⚠️ QUAN TRỌNG: Non-defining KHÔNG dùng "that" — chỉ dùng which cho vật, who cho người.
Bảng chọn Relative Pronoun
| Danh từ chỉ | Defining | Non-defining |
|---|---|---|
| Người | who / that | who (KHÔNG "that") |
| Vật, ý tưởng, sự vật | which / that | which (KHÔNG "that") |
| Sở hữu | whose | whose |
| Địa điểm | where (hoặc "in which") | where |
| Thời gian | when | when |
| Lý do | why | (hiếm dùng) |
Ví dụ ứng dụng:
- “Students who enrol in extracurricular programmes tend to perform better.” (defining, người)
- “Bill Gates, who founded Microsoft, has donated billions to charity.” (non-defining, người)
- “The policy that was introduced in 2015 has yielded significant results.” (defining, vật)
- “The 2015 policy, which required extensive consultation, has yielded results.” (non-defining, vật)
- “Countries whose economies depend on tourism suffered greatly during the pandemic.” (defining, sở hữu)
- “The town where the incident occurred has since become a tourist attraction.” (defining, địa điểm)
Kỹ thuật NÂNG CAO — 3 dạng CAO CẤP
Kỹ thuật 1 — Reduced Relative Clause (rút gọn)
Chưa rút gọn:
“Policies which are implemented at the local level tend to be more effective.”
Rút gọn V-ing (active):
“Policies implementing at the local level…” ❌ SAI — "implement" là passive về mặt logic
Rút gọn V-ed (passive):
“Policies implemented at the local level tend to be more effective.” ✅
Với active verb:
“Countries which invest heavily in education…” → “Countries investing heavily in education…” ✅
Cấu trúc rút gọn:
- Nếu verb là active → dùng V-ing: “Companies operating in emerging markets…”
- Nếu verb là passive → dùng V-ed / V3: “Regulations enforced by the government…”
Ví dụ nâng cấp:
“Countries that are investing in education → Countries investing in education tend to…” “Students who have received scholarships → Students receiving scholarships perform…” “Policies which were introduced in 2020 → Policies introduced in 2020 have…”
Kỹ thuật 2 — Preposition + which / whom
Thay câu văn nói bằng cấu trúc academic:
Văn nói:
“The team that he works with is highly experienced.”
Academic:
“The team with which he works is highly experienced.”
Ví dụ khác:
- “The theory on which this policy is based has been widely accepted.”
- “The community in which the project was launched has seen remarkable improvements.”
- “Colleagues to whom he reports have praised his leadership.”
Nhớ: "whom" dùng khi làm object — trang trọng hơn "who".
Kỹ thuật 3 — Which mô tả CẢ câu trước
Đặc biệt của non-defining "which": có thể mô tả cả mệnh đề trước, không chỉ 1 danh từ:
Ví dụ:
“Governments failed to act on climate warnings decades ago, which has led to the current environmental crisis.”
Ở đây “which” = "việc chính phủ không hành động" = cả mệnh đề trước.
“Renewable energy investment has grown substantially, which suggests a genuine commitment to sustainability.”
Chỉ dùng non-defining (có dấu phẩy trước "which"), KHÔNG dùng "that".
Bảng tổng hợp NHỚ NHANH
| Muốn diễn đạt… | Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Thông tin cần thiết về người | “…people who / that…” | “People who study abroad tend to be more open-minded.” |
| Thông tin cần thiết về vật | “…policies which / that…” | “Policies that lack enforcement fail.” |
| Thông tin phụ về người | “…, who …,” | “Einstein, who developed relativity, was self-taught.” |
| Thông tin phụ về vật | “…, which …,” | “AI, which is rapidly evolving, will reshape industries.” |
| Sở hữu | “…whose …” | “Countries whose GDP depends on oil face volatility.” |
| Địa điểm | “…where …” | “Cities where public transport is efficient enjoy…” |
| Rút gọn (active) | “…noun + V-ing …” | “Companies investing in R&D outperform…” |
| Rút gọn (passive) | “…noun + V-ed …” | “Regulations enforced strictly yield results.” |
Typing — Gõ 1 đoạn dùng NHIỀU relative clauses
Gõ chính xác đoạn dưới:
Countries that invest substantially in early childhood education
tend to record higher long-term economic growth. Finland, which
consistently ranks among the top-performing nations in the PISA
assessment, allocates over 6% of its GDP to public education. This
approach, which many economists initially dismissed as excessive,
has produced a highly skilled workforce whose productivity now
sustains the country's prosperity. Policies implemented at the
national level, particularly those focused on teacher training and
curriculum modernisation, have proved most transformative in
regions where educational outcomes had previously lagged.Đếm relative clauses: 5 clauses trong 1 đoạn ~90 từ = rất dày = ăn điểm Grammatical Range.
Speaking — Đọc to 8 câu, chú ý ngắt phẩy
- “Countries that invest in education // outperform their peers.”
- “China, which has the largest population, // faces demographic challenges.”
- “Students who receive scholarships // tend to graduate on time.”
- “The policy, which was introduced in 2015, // has yielded significant results.”
- “Cities where public transport is efficient // enjoy lower pollution levels.”
- “Companies investing in R&D // outperform their competitors.”
- “Regulations enforced strictly // deliver measurable results.”
- “AI, which is rapidly evolving, // will reshape industries.”
Chú ý:
- Defining (không phẩy) → đọc liền mạch, KHÔNG ngắt
- Non-defining (có phẩy) → ngắt nhẹ ở dấu phẩy
Grammar — Sửa relative pronoun đúng
1. “China, that has the largest population, faces demographic challenges.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Non-defining (có phẩy) KHÔNG dùng "that". Đổi thành "which".
Sửa: “China, which has the largest population, faces demographic challenges.”
2. “Students which enrol in vocational courses gain practical skills.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "Students" là người → dùng "who" hoặc "that", KHÔNG "which".
Sửa: “Students who enrol in vocational courses gain practical skills.”
3. “The company whose CEO resigned is now facing financial difficulties.”
Đáp án
PASS ✅ — "Whose" dùng cho sở hữu (CEO của công ty), câu đúng.
4. “Countries invests in renewable energy see long-term benefits.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Thiếu relative pronoun "that / which" hoặc thiếu rút gọn V-ing.
Sửa cách 1 (không rút gọn): “Countries that invest in renewable energy see long-term benefits.”
Sửa cách 2 (rút gọn): “Countries investing in renewable energy see long-term benefits.”
5. “The theory on that this policy is based has been widely accepted.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Sau giới từ KHÔNG dùng "that" — phải dùng "which".
Sửa: “The theory on which this policy is based has been widely accepted.”
Cách phi trang trọng: “The theory that this policy is based on has been widely accepted.” (giới từ ra cuối câu, dùng "that").
Game — Ghép 2 câu thành 1 câu dùng Relative Clause
Ghép 2 câu đơn thành 1 câu phức dùng relative clause:
1. “Finland is a Nordic country. Finland has one of the best education systems in the world.”
Đáp án
Non-defining (Finland là danh từ riêng, cụ thể):
“Finland, which has one of the best education systems in the world, is a Nordic country.”
Hoặc: “Finland, a Nordic country, has one of the best education systems in the world.” (đảo cấu trúc dùng apposition)
2. “Countries develop renewable energy. Those countries reduce their carbon footprint faster.”
Đáp án
Defining (không rõ countries nào):
“Countries that develop renewable energy reduce their carbon footprint faster.”
Rút gọn: “Countries developing renewable energy reduce their carbon footprint faster.”
3. “The policy was introduced in 2015. It has yielded significant results.”
Đáp án
Defining (chưa rõ policy nào — cần "in 2015" để identify):
“The policy that was introduced in 2015 has yielded significant results.”
Rút gọn (passive): “The policy introduced in 2015 has yielded significant results.”
4. “Bangkok is a major city. Its traffic congestion is among the worst in the world.”
Đáp án
Non-defining (Bangkok cụ thể) + whose (sở hữu):
“Bangkok, whose traffic congestion is among the worst in the world, is a major city.”
Hoặc: “Bangkok, a major city whose traffic congestion is among the worst in the world, needs urgent transport reform.”
5. “Governments failed to act. This has caused the current environmental crisis.”
Đáp án
"Which" mô tả cả câu trước (kỹ thuật nâng cao):
“Governments failed to act, which has caused the current environmental crisis.”
Điểm cần nhớ
- Defining (không phẩy) = thông tin bắt buộc — dùng who/which/that
- Non-defining (có phẩy) = thông tin phụ — dùng who/which — KHÔNG "that"
- "whose" = sở hữu (người + vật)
- Rút gọn: active → V-ing; passive → V-ed
- Sau giới từ → dùng "which" hoặc "whom", KHÔNG "that"
- Non-defining "which" có thể mô tả cả mệnh đề trước (kỹ thuật cao)
- 🎉 Advanced Grammar module HOÀN CHỈNH! F-04 → F-06 trang bị đủ complex sentences / conditionals / relative clauses cho band 7.0+