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foundationB1~20′linking-wordscohesionstylereference

Linking Words Masterclass — 100+ linkers phân theo function

👉 Cụm English in nghiêng có 3 nút: 🔊 nghe · 🎤 chấm phát âm · 🌐 dịch

Theory — Vì sao Linking Words = xương sống Coherence?

Coherence & Cohesion chiếm 25% điểm IELTS Writing. Linking words = chất kết dính giữa câu, đoạn, ý.

Vấn đề học viên VN:

  • Chỉ dùng ~5 linkers (also, but, so, because, and) → điểm tối đa band 5.5
  • Lặp cùng 1 linker nhiều lần (however x5, moreover x3) → mất Coherence
  • Dùng sai function (lấy "however" thay "moreover") → giám khảo confused

Mục tiêu: dùng 20+ linkers khác nhau trong 1 bài, chọn ĐÚNG function → band 6.5+.

🎯 10 nhóm chức năng cốt lõi

1️⃣ ADDITION — Thêm ý

Dùng khi thêm 1 lý do / bằng chứng cùng chiều với ý trước.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): also, and, too

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “Moreover, …”
  • “In addition, …”
  • “Furthermore, …”
  • “Besides, …”
  • “What is more, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “Additionally, …”
  • “Not only that, but …”
  • “Coupled with this, …”
  • “On top of this, …”

Trong câu (không mở đoạn):

  • “…, as well as…”
  • “…, along with…”
  • “…, in addition to…”

2️⃣ CONTRAST — Đối lập

Dùng khi trình bày ý ngược lại với ý trước.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): but, however, on the other hand

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “In contrast, …”
  • “Nevertheless, …”
  • “Nonetheless, …”
  • “That said, …”
  • “Even so, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “Conversely, …”
  • “Notwithstanding this, …”
  • “By the same token, …”
  • “Having said that, …”
  • “Then again, …”

Trong câu (không mở đoạn) — dùng subordinator:

  • “Although X, Y…” (KHÔNG dùng "although" với dấu chấm mở đoạn)
  • “Even though X, Y…”
  • “Whereas / While X, Y…”
  • “Despite / In spite of + noun/V-ing…”

3️⃣ CAUSE — Nguyên nhân

Dùng khi giải thích VÌ SAO.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): because, since, so

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “Because of + noun”
  • “Due to + noun”
  • “Owing to + noun”
  • “As + clause”

Band 7.0+:

  • “This can be attributed to…”
  • “Given that…”
  • “In light of…”
  • “Stemming from…”
  • “On account of…”

4️⃣ EFFECT / RESULT — Hậu quả

Dùng khi nêu KẾT QUẢ của một điều đã nói.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): so, therefore

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “As a result, …”
  • “Consequently, …”
  • “Thus, …”
  • “Hence, …”
  • “For this reason, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “This has led to…”
  • “This resulted in…”
  • “This gives rise to…”
  • “This paved the way for…”
  • “This culminated in…”

5️⃣ EXAMPLE — Ví dụ

Dùng khi minh hoạ ý chính bằng ví dụ cụ thể.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): for example, for instance

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “A clear illustration of this is…”
  • “A case in point is…”
  • “To illustrate, …”
  • “Specifically, …”
  • “In particular, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “This is exemplified by…”
  • “Take X, for example…”
  • “A notable example of this is…”
  • “One striking case is…”
  • “…, most notably X, Y and Z”

6️⃣ SEQUENCING — Trình tự

Đặc biệt cho Process diagram hoặc quy trình / bước.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): first, then, finally

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “Firstly, / Secondly, / Thirdly, / Finally, …”
  • “To begin with, …”
  • “Following this, …”
  • “In the next stage, …”
  • “At this point, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “Initially, …”
  • “Subsequently, …”
  • “Once X has been completed, …”
  • “In due course, …”
  • “The process culminates in…”

7️⃣ EMPHASIS — Nhấn mạnh

Dùng khi làm nổi bật 1 ý quan trọng.

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “Indeed, …”
  • “In fact, …”
  • “Certainly, …”
  • “Clearly, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “It cannot be overstated that…”
  • “Crucially, …”
  • “Above all, …”
  • “Most importantly, …”
  • “Unequivocally, …”

8️⃣ CONCESSION — Nhượng bộ (thừa nhận có mặt kia)

Dùng khi thừa nhận ý ngược lại có phần đúng trước khi nêu quan điểm mình.

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “Admittedly, …”
  • “It is true that…, but…”
  • “While some argue…, others…”
  • “Granted, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “There is no denying that…”
  • “One cannot ignore the fact that…”
  • “It would be naive to suggest that…”
  • “Notwithstanding…”

9️⃣ COMPARISON — So sánh

Dùng khi so sánh 2 thứ giống nhau.

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “Similarly, …”
  • “Likewise, …”
  • “In the same way, …”
  • “Equally, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “In a similar vein, …”
  • “By the same token, …”
  • “Mirroring this, …”

🔟 CONCLUSION — Kết luận

Dùng để đóng bài hoặc đóng 1 đoạn.

Cơ bản (band 5.5): In conclusion, To sum up

Band 6.0–6.5:

  • “In conclusion, …”
  • “To conclude, …”
  • “In summary, …”
  • “Overall, …”
  • “On balance, …”

Band 7.0+:

  • “Weighing up both sides, …”
  • “Taking all of the above into consideration, …”
  • “All things considered, …”
  • “In light of these arguments, …”

📊 Bảng lookup nhanh — 40 linker theo band

FunctionBand 5.5Band 6.5Band 7.5
Additionalsofurthermorecoupled with this
Contrastbutneverthelessconversely / notwithstanding
Causebecausedue tocan be attributed to
Effectsoconsequentlythis paved the way for
Examplefor examplea case in pointthis is exemplified by
Sequencethensubsequentlyonce X has been completed
Emphasisveryindeed / clearlyit cannot be overstated
Concessionbutadmittedlythere is no denying that
Comparisonalso / likesimilarly / likewisein a similar vein
Conclusionin conclusionon balanceweighing up both sides

Typing — Gõ 1 đoạn dùng NHIỀU linker

Gõ chính xác đoạn dưới (đếm ít nhất 6 linkers):

📝 Template
The rise of remote work has transformed the modern workplace in
profound ways. Firstly, employees benefit from unprecedented
flexibility over their daily schedules. Furthermore, both workers
and employers save considerably on commuting time and office costs.
That said, remote work is not without its drawbacks. In particular,
prolonged isolation can lead to weakened team cohesion, and
distinguishing between work and personal life becomes increasingly
difficult. Consequently, many organisations are now adopting hybrid
models that combine the flexibility of home working with the
collaborative benefits of in-person office days. On balance, this
compromise appears to offer the most sustainable long-term solution.

Phân tích 8 linkers:

  1. “Firstly,” → sequencing
  2. “Furthermore,” → addition
  3. “That said,” → contrast / concession
  4. “In particular,” → example / emphasis
  5. “Consequently,” → effect
  6. “…and…” → addition (in-sentence)
  7. “…that combine…” → relative (implicit connector)
  8. “On balance,” → conclusion

Speaking — Đọc to 12 linker khó phát âm

  1. “Nevertheless” /ˌnev.ə.ðəˈles/ — 4 âm tiết, nhấn cuối
  2. “Nonetheless” /ˌnʌn.ðəˈles/
  3. “Furthermore” /ˌfɜː.ðəˈmɔːr/
  4. “Consequently” /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwənt.li/
  5. “Notwithstanding” /ˌnɒt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/
  6. “Subsequently” /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/
  7. “Admittedly” /ədˈmɪt.ɪd.li/
  8. “Conversely” /ˈkɒn.vɜːs.li/
  9. “Undoubtedly” /ʌnˈdaʊ.tɪd.li/
  10. “Consequently” /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwənt.li/
  11. “Alternatively” /ɔːlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv.li/
  12. “Simultaneously” /ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/ — 6 âm tiết

Grammar — Chọn linker đúng function

1. Public transport is efficient. ______, it produces fewer emissions than cars.

  • A. However
  • B. Additionally
  • C. Consequently
  • D. In contrast
Đáp án

B. Additionally — thêm 1 ưu điểm cùng chiều (efficient + fewer emissions). "However / In contrast" = đối lập → sai function. "Consequently" = hậu quả → sai (không nhân quả).

2. ______ the high cost of tuition, universities remain overcrowded.

  • A. Because of
  • B. Despite
  • C. Due to
  • D. Since
Đáp án

B. Despite — "cost cao NHƯNG vẫn đông" = concession. "Despite + noun phrase". "Because of / Due to / Since" = nguyên nhân → sai logic (nếu cost cao là lý do universities crowded, thì contradictory).

3. The government must reduce spending. ______, it should raise taxes.

  • A. Similarly
  • B. Alternatively
  • C. Additionally
  • D. Consequently
Đáp án

B. Alternatively — 2 options riêng biệt (reduce spending HOẶC raise taxes). "Similarly" = giống nhau → sai (2 hành động khác nhau).

4. Working from home offers flexibility. ______, it can lead to isolation.

  • A. Furthermore
  • B. Therefore
  • C. However
  • D. In addition
Đáp án

C. However — chuyển ý sang mặt tiêu cực (flexibility positive vs isolation negative) = contrast. "Furthermore / In addition" = thêm ý cùng chiều → sai. "Therefore" = hậu quả → sai.

5. Governments should invest in renewable energy. ______, they must retrain workers displaced by this transition.

  • A. Nevertheless
  • B. Moreover
  • C. Instead
  • D. In contrast
Đáp án

B. Moreover — thêm 1 hành động cần làm SONG HÀNH với ý trước = addition. "Nevertheless / In contrast" = trái ngược → sai (2 hành động cùng chiều tích cực).

Game — Chọn function cho từng linker

Match mỗi linker với 1 function chính (10 pairs):

#LinkerChọn function (A–J)
1Consequently?
2Similarly?
3Notwithstanding?
4To illustrate?
5Firstly?
6Admittedly?
7Furthermore?
8Above all?
9On balance?
10This can be attributed to?

Functions:

  • A. Addition
  • B. Contrast / Concession
  • C. Cause
  • D. Effect
  • E. Example
  • F. Sequence
  • G. Emphasis
  • H. Concession (nhượng bộ)
  • I. Comparison
  • J. Conclusion
Đáp án
#Linker→Function
1Consequently→D Effect
2Similarly→I Comparison
3Notwithstanding→B Contrast
4To illustrate→E Example
5Firstly→F Sequence
6Admittedly→H Concession
7Furthermore→A Addition
8Above all→G Emphasis
9On balance→J Conclusion
10This can be attributed to→C Cause

Điểm cần nhớ

  • Dùng ~15–20 linkers khác nhau trong 1 essay 250 từ để tối đa Coherence
  • Chọn ĐÚNG function — "However" ≠ "Moreover" ≠ "Consequently"
  • Không lặp 1 linker quá 2 lần trong bài
  • Sau linker mở đoạn, luôn có dấu phẩy (Moreover, Consequently, Nevertheless,…)
  • Subordinators (although, whereas, because) đi TRONG câu, KHÔNG mở đoạn với dấu chấm trước
  • Band 7.0+ linkers: notwithstanding, coupled with this, this can be attributed to, this is exemplified by, in a similar vein
  • Bài tiếp theo (G-02) sẽ đi sâu vào Cohesion vs Coherence — khác nhau thế nào và cách kiểm tra