Theory — 2 loại Bar chart, 2 cách viết khác nhau
Loại 1 — Static Bar Chart (không có thời gian)
Chỉ so sánh các nhóm tại 1 thời điểm. Trọng tâm = so sánh + superlative.
Ví dụ: "Chi tiêu cho thực phẩm ở 5 thành phố năm 2022."
Loại 2 — Dynamic Bar Chart (có thời gian)
So sánh các nhóm qua nhiều mốc thời gian. Trọng tâm = so sánh + xu hướng.
Ví dụ: "Số lượng sinh viên đại học ở 3 nước năm 2000, 2010, 2020."
Cách viết body: nhóm giống line graph (dùng "rose", "declined") + kèm so sánh giữa các nhóm.
Bộ ngôn ngữ CỐT LÕI cho Bar chart
So sánh 2 nhóm
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| X was higher/greater than Y | “Expenditure in Singapore was significantly higher than in Bangkok.” |
| X was twice/three times as high as Y | “Spending in London was twice as high as in Manchester.” |
| X outnumbered / outweighed Y | “Male students outnumbered females by a considerable margin.” |
| more X than Y | “There were more engineering students than arts students.” |
Superlative (dùng cho nhóm cao nhất / thấp nhất)
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| the highest / lowest | “Singapore recorded the highest expenditure of all five cities.” |
| by far the largest | “Food constituted by far the largest expense category.” |
| the most / the least X | “Bangkok reported the least spending on housing.” |
Cụm chỉ tỷ lệ / phần
- “accounted for 45% of the total”
- “made up nearly half of…”
- “constituted approximately one-third of…”
- “contributed to more than 60% of…”
Trạng từ chỉ mức độ khác biệt
| Khác biệt lớn | Khác biệt trung bình | Khác biệt nhỏ |
|---|---|---|
| significantly / considerably / substantially | moderately / noticeably | slightly / marginally |
| by a large margin | by a moderate margin | by a small margin |
Cụm "roughly equal"
- “was roughly equivalent to”
- “was comparable to”
- “stood at similar levels to”
Ví dụ 1 body hoàn chỉnh — Static bar chart
Đề: “The bar chart compares average monthly household spending on food, housing, and entertainment in five cities in 2022.”
Singapore recorded by far the highest overall expenditure, spending
approximately USD 2,800 per household per month — nearly twice as
much as Bangkok, which reported the lowest figure at just USD 1,450.
Housing consistently accounted for the largest share across all five
cities, ranging from 40% in Bangkok to 55% in Singapore, while
spending on entertainment remained comparatively modest at between
8% and 15% of total household budgets.Typing — Gõ 2 body Bar chart mẫu
Body 1 — Static bar chart (education spending):
Singapore stood out as the city with by far the largest allocation
to education, spending nearly USD 900 per household monthly —
approximately three times the amount reported in Jakarta and Bangkok.
Kuala Lumpur and Manila fell in the middle range, with expenditure
of USD 500 and USD 420 respectively, positioning them noticeably
above the two lowest-spending cities.Body 2 — Dynamic bar chart (student enrolment 3 countries, 2000–2020):
Vietnam experienced the most dramatic growth in university enrolment,
with student numbers climbing from 900,000 in 2000 to 2.4 million by
2020 — an increase of over 160%. In contrast, Japan's enrolment
declined moderately from 2.7 to 2.5 million over the same period,
while Thailand's figures fluctuated slightly, remaining broadly stable
at around 1.6 million throughout.Speaking — Đọc to 10 cụm so sánh đắt điểm
Mỗi cụm đọc 3 lần:
- “by far the highest / largest”
- “nearly twice as much as”
- “three times higher than”
- “significantly outnumbered”
- “accounted for the largest share”
- “stood at similar levels”
- “fell in the middle range”
- “was comparable to”
- “contributed the least”
- “by a considerable margin”
Chú ý phát âm:
- "significantly" /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt.li/
- "considerably" /kənˈsɪd.ər.ə.bli/
- "constituted" /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tʃuː.tɪd/
- "comparatively" /kəmˈpær.ə.tɪv.li/
Grammar — Chọn cụm so sánh đúng nhất
1. “Singapore spent 1000 USD, Bangkok spent 500 USD.” Chọn cách viết đúng:
- A. “Singapore spent double than Bangkok.”
- B. “Singapore spent twice as much as Bangkok.”
- C. “Singapore spent 2 times more Bangkok.”
Đáp án
B ✅ — “twice as much as” là cấu trúc chuẩn.
A sai: "double than" (không đúng — phải là "double what Bangkok spent" hoặc "double the amount of Bangkok"). C sai: thiếu "than" sau "more" + "2 times" chỉ dùng cho tuổi/số lần thuần túy, so sánh nên dùng "twice".
2. Sales in London reached 5000; sales in Manchester reached 4900. Chọn câu đúng nhất:
- A. “London's sales were significantly higher than Manchester's.”
- B. “London's sales were roughly equivalent to Manchester's.”
- C. “London's sales dramatically outperformed Manchester's.”
Đáp án
B ✅ — Khác biệt chỉ 100 (2%) → dùng "roughly equivalent". Dùng "significantly" hoặc "dramatically" là cường điệu = mất điểm Task Achievement.
3. “Housing account for 55% of Singapore's household spending.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "account" (số nhiều) — chủ ngữ "Housing" là số ít không đếm được.
Sửa: “Housing accounts for 55% of Singapore's household spending.”
4. “Bangkok has the lowest spending on entertainment, which is only 8%.”
Đáp án
Câu này PASS ✅ nhưng có thể nâng cấp thành:
“Bangkok reported the lowest expenditure on entertainment, at just 8% of the total household budget.”
("has" → "reported" — trang trọng hơn; "which is only" → "at just" — súc tích hơn)
5. “Vietnam students are more than Japan.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Câu vô nghĩa — thiếu danh từ đối tượng so sánh.
Sửa: “The number of university students in Vietnam exceeded that of Japan by a substantial margin.”
Game — Chọn cách mô tả đúng NHẤT
Cho các cặp giá trị, chọn từ mô tả hợp lý:
| # | Giá trị 1 | Giá trị 2 | Chọn cụm phù hợp (A/B/C) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 500 | 100 | ? |
| 2 | 500 | 480 | ? |
| 3 | 500 | 250 | ? |
| 4 | 500 | 495 | ? |
| 5 | 500 | 505 | ? |
Lựa chọn:
- A. “marginally higher than / at similar levels to”
- B. “five times higher than / far exceeded”
- C. “twice as high as / double”
- D. “slightly higher than”
- E. “roughly equal to”
Đáp án
| # | Giá trị 1 | Giá trị 2 | Đáp án | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 500 | 100 | B | 5 lần → "five times higher than" |
| 2 | 500 | 480 | D | Chênh 4% → "slightly higher than" |
| 3 | 500 | 250 | C | 2 lần → "twice as high as" |
| 4 | 500 | 495 | A hoặc E | Chênh 1% → "marginally higher / at similar levels" |
| 5 | 500 | 505 | E | Gần bằng → "roughly equal to" |
Nguyên tắc: mô tả đúng mức độ khác biệt — cường điệu (dùng "dramatically" cho chênh lệch 1%) hoặc coi nhẹ (dùng "slightly" cho chênh lệch 200%) đều bị trừ điểm.
Điểm cần nhớ
- 2 loại bar chart: static (so sánh) vs dynamic (so sánh + xu hướng)
- Dùng superlative cho nhóm cao nhất/thấp nhất ("by far the highest")
- Dùng "twice/three times as X as" cho bội số
- Mô tả đúng mức độ khác biệt — cường điệu bị trừ điểm
- "account for" đi với chủ ngữ số ít; "account for" cần "for", không có "of"
- Bài tiếp theo (T1-05) sẽ đi sâu vào Pie chart — % và so sánh 2 pie