Theory — Pie chart: tỷ lệ, phân số và so sánh
Pie chart = biểu đồ tròn chia thành các phần trăm cộng lại = 100%. Có 2 dạng phổ biến:
- 1 pie duy nhất → mô tả tỷ lệ + thứ hạng
- 2+ pie so sánh (2 năm khác nhau, hoặc 2 nhóm khác nhau) → mô tả thay đổi
Điểm ăn của dạng này = tránh lặp "percent" + dùng phân số + so sánh 2 pie chính xác.
Bộ ngôn ngữ tỷ lệ (thay thế "percent")
Verbs — 5 cách thay "is X%"
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| account for X% | “Food accounted for 34% of household spending.” |
| make up X% | “Housing made up nearly half of total expenditure.” |
| constitute X% | “Transport constitutes roughly one-fifth of the budget.” |
| represent X% | “Entertainment represented just 8% of the total.” |
| comprise X% | “Utilities comprise approximately 12% of monthly costs.” |
Fractions & phrases — thay số % thô
Học thuộc để tránh cứ nói "45%", "23%", "68%"…:
| % thô | Cách viết đẹp |
|---|---|
| 50% | half / one half |
| 25% | a quarter / one-fourth |
| 75% | three-quarters |
| 33% | one-third / a third |
| 67% | two-thirds |
| 20% | one-fifth |
| 10% | one-tenth |
| 80–90% | the vast majority / an overwhelming majority |
| 60–70% | nearly two-thirds / a substantial majority |
| 40–50% | a significant proportion / close to half |
| 5–10% | a small minority / a tiny fraction |
| <5% | a mere / a negligible fraction |
Approximation — không phải số nào cũng khớp phân số
Khi số liệu không rơi đúng vào phân số, thêm 1 trong các từ sau:
- “approximately” / “roughly” / “about” / “around”
- “just over” — hơn 1 chút: “just over half” (52%)
- “just under” — kém 1 chút: “just under a third” (30%)
- “well over” — hơn nhiều: “well over half” (65%+)
- “a little more than” / “slightly less than”
So sánh 2 Pie chart (dạng phổ biến nhất)
Cấu trúc "increased/decreased its share"
| Ý | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| Tăng thị phần | “Housing increased its share from 30% to 45%.” |
| Giảm thị phần | “Clothing saw its share fall from 15% to just 6%.” |
| Không đổi | “Food maintained a stable share of around 25% in both years.” |
| Đối lập | “While entertainment grew markedly, spending on transport declined by a similar proportion.” |
| Trao đổi vị trí | “Housing overtook food as the largest expense category by 2020.” |
Cấu trúc "at the expense of" (rất đắt điểm)
Khi A tăng, B giảm tương ứng → dùng cụm này:
“The share of entertainment grew markedly, largely at the expense of spending on clothing.”
Ví dụ 1 body Pie chart hoàn chỉnh
Đề: “The two pie charts depict the proportion of household expenditure in the UK in 2000 and 2020.”
Overview (nhắc lại từ T1-02):
“Overall, food and housing continued to dominate household spending across both years, though the share allocated to entertainment grew markedly, largely at the expense of clothing.”
Body 1 — mô tả pie 2000:
In 2000, housing accounted for by far the largest slice of household
spending at 34%, followed by food at 25% and clothing at a substantial
18%. Entertainment and utilities together made up roughly one-fifth
of the budget, with transport and miscellaneous items constituting the
remaining 8%.Body 2 — so sánh pie 2020 vs 2000:
By 2020, the landscape had shifted noticeably. Housing further
consolidated its dominance, rising to 42% and thereby increasing its
share by 8 percentage points. Entertainment, meanwhile, more than
doubled from 8% to 17%, largely at the expense of clothing, whose
share plummeted from 18% to just 6%. Food remained a stable presence
at 24%, marginally lower than its 2000 level.Typing — Gõ 2 body Pie chart mẫu
Body 1 — Single pie chart (transportation mode in Vietnam):
Motorcycles overwhelmingly dominated transport in Vietnam, accounting
for approximately two-thirds of all daily commutes. Private cars made
up just under a fifth of the total, while public transport, cycling,
and walking together comprised the remaining share of around 15%,
each contributing a relatively modest proportion.Body 2 — Comparing 2 pies (energy sources 2000 vs 2020):
The composition of energy sources underwent a dramatic transformation
over the two decades. Coal, which supplied nearly half of all energy
in 2000 at 47%, saw its share collapse to just 18% by 2020. This
decline was offset primarily by the rise of renewables, whose
contribution surged from a mere 3% to a substantial 28%, while natural
gas grew moderately from 25% to 34% at the expense of nuclear power.Speaking — Đọc to 12 cụm tỷ lệ đắt điểm
Mỗi cụm đọc 3 lần:
Verbs:
- “accounted for the largest share”
- “constituted approximately one-third”
- “comprised the remaining”
Fractions: 4. “just over half” 5. “nearly two-thirds” 6. “a mere fraction” 7. “an overwhelming majority”
So sánh 2 pie: 8. “increased its share from X to Y” 9. “largely at the expense of” 10. “more than doubled” 11. “maintained a stable share” 12. “overtook X to become the largest”
Chú ý phát âm:
- "accounted" /əˈkaʊn.tɪd/
- "constituted" /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tʃuː.tɪd/
- "comprise" /kəmˈpraɪz/ — KHÔNG dùng "comprised of"
- "overwhelmingly" /ˌəʊ.vəˈwel.mɪŋ.li/
Grammar — Sửa lỗi Pie chart
1. “Food is 25%.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Câu quá cụt, thiếu context, dùng "is 25%" không đúng chuẩn academic.
Sửa: “Food accounted for 25% of total household expenditure.”
2. “Housing comprised of nearly half of spending.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "comprise" là ngoại động từ, KHÔNG có "of" theo sau. Đây là lỗi CỰC PHỔ BIẾN.
Sửa: “Housing comprised nearly half of household spending.”
Cách khác: “was comprised of” — dạng bị động (hiếm dùng), hoặc “consisted of” nếu muốn có "of".
3. “In 2020, entertainment increase its share from 8% to 17%.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "increase" thiếu "d" (phải past simple) + "its" không rõ chủ thể vì chưa nêu.
Sửa: “Between 2000 and 2020, entertainment increased its share from 8% to 17%.”
4. “Clothing had a share fall from 18% to 6%.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Cấu trúc gãy — "had a share fall" không tự nhiên.
Sửa: “Clothing saw its share fall from 18% to just 6%.”
Cách khác: “Clothing's share fell from 18% to just 6%.”
5. “The majority of people, over 90%, they use motorcycles.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Chủ ngữ đôi ("The majority of people" + "they"), dùng "over 90%" là số cụ thể — nên hoặc dùng cụm mô tả hoặc số, không cả hai.
Sửa: “The overwhelming majority of people (over 90%) rely on motorcycles for daily transport.”
Hoặc: “An overwhelming majority — approximately 92% — rely on motorcycles.”
Game — Match % với cách mô tả đẹp
Match mỗi % với cụm mô tả đẹp nhất (mỗi cụm dùng 1 lần):
| # | % thô | Chọn (A–H) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89% | ? |
| 2 | 51% | ? |
| 3 | 32% | ? |
| 4 | 3% | ? |
| 5 | 66% | ? |
| 6 | 24% | ? |
| 7 | 78% | ? |
| 8 | 48% | ? |
Lựa chọn:
- A. “just over half”
- B. “nearly a quarter”
- C. “close to half”
- D. “the vast majority”
- E. “a mere fraction”
- F. “roughly one-third”
- G. “nearly two-thirds”
- H. “just over three-quarters”
Đáp án
| # | % | Đáp án |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89% | D — the vast majority |
| 2 | 51% | A — just over half |
| 3 | 32% | F — roughly one-third |
| 4 | 3% | E — a mere fraction |
| 5 | 66% | G — nearly two-thirds |
| 6 | 24% | B — nearly a quarter |
| 7 | 78% | H — just over three-quarters |
| 8 | 48% | C — close to half |
Mẹo: học thuộc 6 mốc (10%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 66%, 75%) + 3 modifier (just over, just under, roughly) là ghép được mọi con số.
Điểm cần nhớ
- Dùng verb đa dạng thay lặp "is X%": account for / make up / constitute / represent / comprise
- Dùng phân số (a quarter, two-thirds…) thay số % thô
- Thêm modifier (just over, roughly, well over) khi số không tròn
- "comprise" KHÔNG có "of" — comprise the majority ✅, comprised of ❌
- So sánh 2 pie: "at the expense of", "increased its share", "more than doubled"
- Bài tiếp theo (T1-06) sẽ đi sâu vào Table — cách chọn dữ liệu thay vì mô tả hết