Theory — Process diagram: 2 nguyên tắc bất di bất dịch
Process diagram (sơ đồ quy trình) mô tả các bước của một quy trình — có thể là nhân tạo (sản xuất chocolate, tái chế nhựa) hoặc tự nhiên (vòng đời con bướm, chu trình nước).
2 nguyên tắc BẮT BUỘC:
Nguyên tắc 1 — Dùng PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
Vì sao? Quy trình = chung chung, luôn đúng (không có mốc thời gian cụ thể) → dùng present simple. Vì sao passive? Trọng tâm là đối tượng bị tác động, không phải người thực hiện → dùng passive voice.
Cấu trúc: [Đối tượng] + is/are + past participle (V3) + [by/at/to/with...]
Ví dụ:
- ✅ “The raw material is heated to 200°C.”
- ✅ “The cocoa beans are roasted and then ground into a fine paste.”
- ❌ “They heat the raw material.” (sai — cần passive)
- ❌ “The raw material was heated to 200°C.” (sai — dùng past không đúng)
Nguyên tắc 2 — KHÔNG có số liệu, chỉ có TRÌNH TỰ
Process không có % / con số cụ thể như line/bar/pie. Điểm ăn = linking words trình tự phong phú + passive verbs đa dạng.
Bộ linking words trình tự (SEQUENCING) — thay lặp "then"
Chia làm 3 giai đoạn: đầu, giữa, cuối.
Giai đoạn ĐẦU (bước 1)
- “To begin with,…”
- “In the first stage,…”
- “The process commences with…”
- “Initially,…”
Giai đoạn GIỮA (bước 2, 3, 4…)
- “Subsequently,…” ⭐ (thay "then")
- “Following this,…”
- “In the next stage,…”
- “Once [X] has been completed,…”
- “At this point,…”
- “After being [V3],…” (dùng participle mở đầu — nâng cao)
Giai đoạn CUỐI (bước cuối)
- “Finally,…”
- “In the final stage,…”
- “The process culminates in / with…”
- “The end product is then ready for [distribution / use / sale].”
Bộ verbs passive phổ biến trong Process
Học thuộc theo nhóm để dễ vận dụng:
Quy trình sản xuất (Manufacturing)
| Verb (V1) | V3 (passive form) | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| extract | extracted | trích xuất |
| heat | heated | đun nóng |
| cool | cooled | làm mát |
| grind | ground | nghiền |
| mix | mixed | trộn |
| refine | refined | tinh chế |
| mould / mold | moulded | đúc khuôn |
| package | packaged | đóng gói |
| transport | transported | vận chuyển |
| store | stored | lưu trữ |
Quy trình tự nhiên (Natural)
| Verb (V1) | V3 (passive form) | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| evaporate | evaporated | bay hơi |
| condense | condensed | ngưng tụ |
| absorb | absorbed | hấp thụ |
| release | released | giải phóng |
| filter | filtered | lọc |
| decompose | decomposed | phân hủy |
| hatch | hatched | nở |
| germinate | germinated | nảy mầm |
Ví dụ Process hoàn chỉnh — Chocolate Production
Đề: “The diagram illustrates the process of manufacturing chocolate from raw cocoa beans.”
Intro:
“The diagram illustrates the various stages involved in the industrial production of chocolate, from the harvesting of raw cocoa pods to the packaging of the finished product.”
Overview:
Overall, the chocolate-making process comprises seven distinct stages, beginning with the manual harvesting of cocoa pods in tropical plantations and culminating in the packaging of finished chocolate bars ready for distribution to retailers.
Body 1 — bước 1 đến 4 (từ trồng đến nghiền bột):
To begin with, ripe cocoa pods are hand-picked from cacao trees,
after which the beans inside are removed and left to ferment for
approximately five days. Following this, the fermented beans are
spread out under the sun to dry, before being transported to
processing facilities where they are roasted at 150°C. Once the
roasting stage has been completed, the beans are ground into a
thick paste known as cocoa mass.Body 2 — bước 5 đến 7 (từ trộn đến đóng gói):
In the next stage, the cocoa mass is combined with sugar, milk
powder, and cocoa butter, then subjected to a refining process
that produces a smooth, homogeneous mixture. Subsequently, the
liquid chocolate is poured into moulds of various shapes and
cooled until solid. Finally, the hardened chocolate bars are
wrapped and packaged before being shipped to retailers worldwide.Typing — Gõ 1 Process mẫu (Recycling glass)
Gõ chính xác đoạn dưới đây:
The recycling of glass involves six sequential stages. Initially,
used glass bottles and containers are collected from households and
public recycling bins, after which they are transported to a
sorting facility. Following this, the glass is separated by colour
and thoroughly cleaned to remove any labels or contaminants. Once
the cleaning stage has been completed, the glass is crushed into
small fragments known as cullet, which are subsequently melted at
approximately 1,500°C in a furnace. In the final stage, the molten
glass is moulded into new bottles and jars, ready to re-enter the
supply chain.Speaking — Đọc to 10 sequencing phrases
- “To begin with,…”
- “Initially,…”
- “Subsequently,…” ⭐ (thay "then")
- “Following this,…”
- “In the next stage,…”
- “Once [X] has been completed,…”
- “After being [V3],…”
- “The process culminates in…”
- “Finally,…”
- “…ready for distribution.”
Chú ý phát âm:
- "subsequently" /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/ — 4 âm tiết
- "culminates" /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪts/
- "initially" /ɪˈnɪʃ.əl.i/
- "completed" /kəmˈpliː.tɪd/
Grammar — Sửa thì passive
Sửa lỗi thì / voice trong 5 câu:
1. “In the first stage, the beans harvest by workers.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "harvest" là active, cần đổi sang passive (are + harvested).
Sửa: “In the first stage, the beans are harvested by workers.”
2. “The glass was crushed into small pieces and then it was melted.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Dùng past simple passive (was crushed / was melted) — sai cho Process (không có mốc thời gian).
Sửa: “The glass is crushed into small pieces and then melted.”
(Có thể lược bỏ "is" ở verb thứ 2 vì đã có ở verb đầu.)
3. “After the beans are ground, they mixing with sugar.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "mixing" thiếu "are being" hoặc phải chuyển passive đúng.
Sửa: “After the beans are ground, they are mixed with sugar.”
Cách nâng cao: “After being ground, the beans are mixed with sugar.”
4. “The water is evaporated by the sun.”
Đáp án
PASS ngữ pháp ✅ nhưng KHÔNG tự nhiên: "evaporate" thường dùng active vì là quá trình tự nhiên nội tại.
Nâng cấp: “Water evaporates from the ocean surface due to solar heat.”
Note: "evaporate" là intransitive — không có object → thường KHÔNG dùng passive.
5. “At the last stage, the products are package and delivery to shops.”
Đáp án
Lỗi kép:
- "package" thiếu "d" (phải V3)
- "delivery" là noun, cần verb "delivered"
Sửa: “In the final stage, the products are packaged and delivered to shops.”
Game — Sắp xếp 6 bước quy trình sản xuất giấy
Cho 6 câu mô tả các bước, xếp lại đúng thứ tự (1 → 6):
- A. “The wood chips are then boiled with chemicals to produce a soft pulp.”
- B. “The finished paper is wound onto large rolls and cut into standard sizes for distribution.”
- C. “Trees are felled in managed forests and transported to a paper mill.”
- D. “The pulp is spread onto a mesh belt where excess water is drained away, forming a thin, continuous sheet.”
- E. “Once the sheet has passed through heated rollers, it is dried and pressed to achieve a smooth finish.”
- F. “At the mill, the logs are stripped of their bark and shredded into small chips.”
Đáp án
Thứ tự đúng: C → F → A → D → E → B
- C — Chặt cây + vận chuyển đến mill
- F — Tại mill: bóc vỏ + băm nhỏ
- A — Nấu chip với hoá chất → bột giấy
- D — Trải bột lên băng lưới, thoát nước → tờ giấy
- E — Cán qua trục nóng → làm khô, ép mịn
- B — Cuộn giấy + cắt kích cỡ → xuất xưởng
Đoạn hoàn chỉnh khi ghép + thêm linking words:
To begin with, trees are felled in managed forests and transported to a paper mill. At the mill, the logs are stripped of their bark and shredded into small chips. The wood chips are then boiled with chemicals to produce a soft pulp. Subsequently, the pulp is spread onto a mesh belt where excess water is drained away, forming a thin, continuous sheet. Once the sheet has passed through heated rollers, it is dried and pressed to achieve a smooth finish. Finally, the finished paper is wound onto large rolls and cut into standard sizes for distribution.
Điểm cần nhớ
- Present simple passive = xương sống của mọi bài Process
- Cấu trúc: [Object] + is/are + V3
- Tránh lặp "then" — dùng "subsequently, following this, once… has been completed"
- Bước cuối luôn: "Finally,…" + “ready for distribution / use / sale”
- Với verb intransitive (evaporate, decompose, hatch) → dùng active, không passive
- Task 1 module giờ 7/8 bài — bài cuối cùng T1-08 sẽ đi sâu vào Map với past passive