Theory — Map: 3 nguyên tắc bất di bất dịch
Map (bản đồ) thường có 2 hoặc 3 bản đồ cùng một khu vực ở các mốc thời gian khác nhau. Nhiệm vụ = mô tả những thay đổi.
Nguyên tắc 1 — Chọn THÌ đúng
| Trường hợp | Thì dùng |
|---|---|
| Cả 2 mốc đều trong quá khứ (ví dụ 1990 vs 2010) | Past simple passive — "was built / was demolished" |
| 1 mốc hiện tại + 1 mốc tương lai/dự kiến | Future passive — "will be constructed / is planned to be built" |
| 2 mốc cùng thì hiện tại (mô tả 2 khu vực khác nhau) | Present simple passive — "is surrounded by / is located" |
KHÔNG BAO GIỜ mixin — chọn 1 thì và dùng nhất quán.
Nguyên tắc 2 — Dùng PASSIVE VOICE
Ai xây, ai phá không quan trọng → dùng passive:
- ✅ “A shopping mall was constructed in the north-east.”
- ✅ “The forest was cleared and replaced by apartment blocks.”
- ❌ “They built a shopping mall.” (sai — cần passive)
Nguyên tắc 3 — Mô tả THAY ĐỔI (không phải mô tả bản đồ)
Đừng liệt kê "Ở bản đồ 1 có A, B, C. Ở bản đồ 2 có D, E, F." → cực nhàm. Thay vào đó:
KẾT NỐI 2 bản đồ bằng verb thay đổi:
“The forest in the north was replaced by a residential complex.” (nhắc cả 1990 + 2020 trong 1 câu)
Bộ 12 verbs thay đổi CỐT LÕI cho Map
| Verb (passive) | Nghĩa | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| was built / constructed | được xây | “A new hospital was built to the west.” |
| was demolished | bị phá | “The old church was demolished.” |
| was replaced by | được thay bằng | “The forest was replaced by a car park.” |
| was converted into | được cải tạo thành | “The factory was converted into loft apartments.” |
| was expanded | được mở rộng | “The airport was expanded to accommodate more flights.” |
| was extended | được kéo dài | “The main road was extended northwards.” |
| was relocated | được di dời | “The market was relocated to the town centre.” |
| underwent transformation | trải qua biến đổi | “The waterfront underwent significant transformation.” |
| remained unchanged | không đổi | “The town hall remained unchanged throughout.” |
| was cleared | bị san bằng | “The woodland was cleared to make way for housing.” |
| was widened | được nới rộng | “The bridge was widened to four lanes.” |
| was pedestrianised | được biến thành phố đi bộ | “High Street was pedestrianised in 2010.” |
Bộ giới từ vị trí (LOCATION PREPOSITIONS) — RẤT ĐẮT ĐIỂM
Map ăn điểm nhất ở mô tả vị trí chính xác:
Hướng địa lý (compass directions)
- “to the north / south / east / west of…”
- “in the north-eastern corner”
- “along the northern boundary”
- “stretching from north to south”
Vị trí tương đối
- “adjacent to” — ngay bên cạnh: “a park adjacent to the library”
- “opposite” — đối diện: “the school opposite the church”
- “across the road from” — bên kia đường
- “in the vicinity of” — trong khu vực gần
- “on the outskirts of” — ở ngoại vi
- “in the heart of / in the centre of” — trung tâm
- “alongside” — song song với
- “surrounded by” — bao quanh bởi
- “overlooking” — nhìn ra: “a hotel overlooking the lake”
Trục & mốc cố định
- “to the left / right of the [reference point]”
- “between X and Y”
- “just south of the river”
- “where the two roads intersect”
Ví dụ Map hoàn chỉnh — Islip Town 1990 vs 2020
Intro:
“The two maps illustrate the changes that took place in the town of Islip between 1990 and 2020.”
Overview (từ T1-02):
Overall, Islip underwent substantial transformation over the thirty-year period, evolving from a predominantly rural settlement into a modern residential area, with the most significant changes occurring in the northern and eastern sectors.
Body 1 — thay đổi ở phía Bắc & Đông:
The most striking transformation occurred in the northern half of
the town. The extensive woodland that once dominated the area was
cleared and replaced by a large residential complex, while a new
primary school was constructed adjacent to it. In the eastern
sector, the traditional farm was demolished to make way for a
sizeable shopping centre, and the main access road was widened
and extended eastwards to serve the new commercial hub.Body 2 — khu vực ít thay đổi hơn (Nam & Trung tâm):
In contrast, the southern part of Islip retained much of its
original character. The town hall and the church in the centre
remained unchanged throughout the period, though the small green
opposite the church was pedestrianised and converted into a
community square. The single-lane bridge across the river was
widened to two lanes to accommodate growing traffic, while the
lake to the south-west of the town was preserved as a nature reserve.Typing — Gõ 1 body Map mẫu (Coastal town 1970 vs 2020)
Gõ chính xác:
The coastal town underwent dramatic transformation over the
five-decade period, particularly along its waterfront. The small
fishing harbour that once stood in the north-eastern corner was
significantly expanded into a modern marina, and the row of
warehouses adjacent to it was demolished and replaced by
high-rise hotels overlooking the sea. Meanwhile, the sandy beach
stretching along the eastern boundary was preserved, though a
pedestrianised promenade was constructed alongside it to
accommodate the growing influx of tourists.Speaking — Đọc to 12 cụm Map đắt điểm
- “underwent substantial transformation”
- “was cleared and replaced by”
- “was converted into”
- “was demolished to make way for”
- “remained unchanged throughout”
- “in the north-eastern corner”
- “adjacent to” /əˈdʒeɪ.sənt/
- “opposite the [reference point]”
- “stretching from X to Y”
- “overlooking the [lake / sea / valley]”
- “on the outskirts of”
- “was pedestrianised” /pəˈdes.tri.ə.naɪzd/
Chú ý phát âm:
- "adjacent" /əˈdʒeɪ.sənt/ — âm /dʒ/, không phải /d/
- "underwent" /ˌʌn.dəˈwent/
- "vicinity" /vɪˈsɪn.ɪ.ti/
- "pedestrianised" — 5 âm tiết, nhấn âm thứ 2
Grammar — Sửa thì và passive
1. “A shopping mall built in the north-east.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Thiếu "was" — không có động từ chính hoàn chỉnh.
Sửa: “A shopping mall was built in the north-east.”
2. “The forest is cleared and replaced by apartments in 1990.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Mốc "1990" → phải dùng past passive (was cleared / was replaced), không phải present.
Sửa: “The forest was cleared and replaced by apartments in 1990.”
3. “A new hospital constructing next to the school.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "constructing" là active continuous — cần passive.
Sửa: “A new hospital was constructed next to the school.”
Hoặc (nếu mô tả kế hoạch tương lai): “A new hospital is being constructed / will be built next to the school.”
4. “The bridge was widen to four lanes.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: "widen" thiếu "ed" (phải là V3).
Sửa: “The bridge was widened to four lanes.”
5. “They demolished the old market and they built a shopping centre.”
Đáp án
Lỗi: Dùng active + chủ ngữ "they" — Map phải dùng passive để tránh "they" mơ hồ.
Sửa: “The old market was demolished and replaced by a shopping centre.”
Nâng cao: “The old market underwent transformation, being demolished to make way for a modern shopping centre.”
Game — Chọn Verb đúng cho từng thay đổi
Cho 6 tình huống thay đổi. Chọn verb phù hợp nhất từ list bên dưới:
Tình huống:
- A. Nhà máy cũ → chung cư cao cấp
- B. Hồ tự nhiên → giữ nguyên
- C. Đường 2 làn → 4 làn
- D. Ruộng lúa → khu công nghiệp mới
- E. Chợ trung tâm → di dời ra ngoại ô
- F. Sân bay nhỏ → sân bay quốc tế mở rộng
Verbs:
was expanded · was widened · was relocated · was converted into · remained unchanged · was replaced by
Đáp án
- A → was converted into (nhà máy → chung cư = cải tạo giữ khung)
- B → remained unchanged (giữ nguyên)
- C → was widened (nới rộng đường)
- D → was replaced by (ruộng → khu công nghiệp = thay hoàn toàn)
- E → was relocated (di dời)
- F → was expanded (mở rộng cùng chỗ)
Phân biệt "converted" vs "replaced":
- Converted = giữ cấu trúc/vị trí gốc, đổi công năng (nhà máy vẫn đó, thành chung cư)
- Replaced = phá bỏ hoàn toàn, thay bằng cái khác (ruộng biến mất, thành khu công nghiệp)
Điểm cần nhớ
- Chọn thì đúng dựa trên mốc thời gian: past passive (2 mốc quá khứ) / future passive (kế hoạch) / present passive (mô tả tổng quát)
- Passive voice = xương sống Map — tránh dùng "they" mơ hồ
- Học thuộc 12 verbs thay đổi và 12 giới từ vị trí
- Kết nối 2 bản đồ trong 1 câu: “The X was replaced by Y” (nhắc cả trước & sau)
- Phân biệt: “converted” (giữ cấu trúc, đổi công năng) vs “replaced” (thay hoàn toàn) vs “demolished” (chỉ phá, chưa nói xây gì)
- 🎉 Task 1 module HOÀN CHỈNH! 8 bài (T1-01 → T1-08) đủ để viết mọi dạng đề Academic Task 1